{"type":"character","character":{"character":"乃","codepoint":"U+4E43","gloss":"then","iconicGloss":null,"hint":"Possibly depicts a woman standing sideways with her breasts protruding. Based on the original meaning \"breast\", now written as 奶. The current meaning is a phonetic loan.","originalMeaning":"breast","strokeCountSimp":2,"strokeCountTrad":2,"isVerified":true,"components":[],"customSources":["季旭昇《說文新證》p.389","漢語多功能字庫|http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E4%B9%83","徐中舒《甲骨文字典》p.500-501"],"simplifiedVariants":null,"traditionalVariants":null,"variantOf":null,"junDaRank":1165,"junDaFrequency":23520,"junDaPerMillion":121.547863672784,"subtlexRank":2296,"subtlexCount":566,"subtlexPerMillion":12.08,"subtlexContextDiversity":209,"hsk2Level":null,"hsk3Level":7,"strokeDataSimp":{"source":"dong","medians":[[[213,663],[242,654],[269,654],[688,741],[708,740],[734,717],[629,528],[615,483],[663,473],[765,473],[785,467],[806,443],[810,431],[759,217],[712,108],[691,78],[662,54],[643,47],[535,123]],[[430,663],[452,645],[459,625],[394,472],[344,373],[294,301],[211,208],[148,155],[92,119]]],"strokes":["M 731 459 Q 755 460 762 450 Q 772 441 768 415 Q 761 234 664 105 Q 658 101 654 96 Q 638 87 582 111 Q 533 132 532 127 Q 531 120 539 110 Q 585 56 600 28 Q 613 -2 625 -6 Q 637 -13 659 2 Q 717 36 748 97 Q 776 152 827 377 Q 831 401 857 419 Q 872 432 862 443 Q 846 465 802 491 Q 790 500 772 493 Q 723 492 676 490 Q 658 489 650 496 Q 640 505 650 519 Q 701 607 741 664 Q 763 689 786 698 Q 801 705 800 715 Q 797 734 725 770 Q 707 780 682 769 Q 639 753 602 743 Q 496 724 333 689 Q 284 679 223 676 Q 210 676 203 666 Q 200 663 208 654 Q 218 639 239 631 Q 255 624 283 632 Q 347 651 422 669 L 461 678 Q 668 724 689 710 Q 696 706 689 691 Q 619 535 575 495 Q 562 485 569 469 Q 579 445 594 440 Q 607 436 621 445 Q 654 463 731 459 Z","M 422 669 Q 425 639 415 600 Q 348 441 316 378 Q 232 252 95 132 Q 88 128 84 122 Q 78 112 89 111 Q 123 110 235 198 Q 253 216 273 236 Q 372 345 446 513 Q 470 571 490 603 Q 503 615 500 630 Q 490 652 463 676 Q 462 677 461 678 C 439 699 421 699 422 669 Z"]},"strokeDataTrad":{"source":"dong","medians":[[[213,663],[242,654],[269,654],[688,741],[708,740],[734,717],[629,528],[615,483],[663,473],[765,473],[785,467],[806,443],[810,431],[759,217],[712,108],[691,78],[662,54],[643,47],[535,123]],[[430,663],[452,645],[459,625],[394,472],[344,373],[294,301],[211,208],[148,155],[92,119]]],"strokes":["M 731 459 Q 755 460 762 450 Q 772 441 768 415 Q 761 234 664 105 Q 658 101 654 96 Q 638 87 582 111 Q 533 132 532 127 Q 531 120 539 110 Q 585 56 600 28 Q 613 -2 625 -6 Q 637 -13 659 2 Q 717 36 748 97 Q 776 152 827 377 Q 831 401 857 419 Q 872 432 862 443 Q 846 465 802 491 Q 790 500 772 493 Q 723 492 676 490 Q 658 489 650 496 Q 640 505 650 519 Q 701 607 741 664 Q 763 689 786 698 Q 801 705 800 715 Q 797 734 725 770 Q 707 780 682 769 Q 639 753 602 743 Q 496 724 333 689 Q 284 679 223 676 Q 210 676 203 666 Q 200 663 208 654 Q 218 639 239 631 Q 255 624 283 632 Q 347 651 422 669 L 461 678 Q 668 724 689 710 Q 696 706 689 691 Q 619 535 575 495 Q 562 485 569 469 Q 579 445 594 440 Q 607 436 621 445 Q 654 463 731 459 Z","M 422 669 Q 425 639 415 600 Q 348 441 316 378 Q 232 252 95 132 Q 88 128 84 122 Q 78 112 89 111 Q 123 110 235 198 Q 253 216 273 236 Q 372 345 446 513 Q 470 571 490 603 Q 503 615 500 630 Q 490 652 463 676 Q 462 677 461 678 C 439 699 421 699 422 669 Z"]},"fragmentsSimp":[],"fragmentsTrad":null,"historicalImages":[{"era":"(~1250-1000 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_0.png","type":"Oracle","source":"academia-sinica","description":"菁3.1(甲)"},{"era":"(~1250-1000 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_1.png","type":"Oracle","source":"academia-sinica","description":"前8.12.1(甲)"},{"era":"Early Western Zhou (~1000 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_2.png","type":"Bronze","source":"academia-sinica","description":"乃孫作且己鼎(金)西周早期"},{"era":"Early Western Zhou (~1000 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_3.png","type":"Bronze","source":"academia-sinica","description":"叔䟒父卣(金)西周早期"},{"era":"Early Warring States (~400 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_4.png","type":"Bronze","source":"academia-sinica","description":"者尸鎛(金)戰國早期"},{"era":"Chu (Warring States: 475-221 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_5.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"信1.032(楚)"},{"era":"Shuowen (~100 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_6.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"說文古文"},{"era":"Shuowen (~100 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_7.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"說文籀文"},{"era":"Shuowen (~100 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_8.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"說文‧乃部"},{"era":"Qin dynasty (221-206 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_9.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"睡虎地簡25.39(隸)秦"},{"era":"Western Han dynasty (202 BC-9 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_10.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"老子甲後224(隸)西漢"},{"era":"Western Han dynasty (202 BC-9 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_11.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"定縣竹簡25(隸)西漢"},{"era":"Western Han dynasty (202 BC-9 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_12.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"滿城漢墓宮中行樂錢(隸)西漢"},{"era":"Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E4%B9%83_13.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"史晨碑(隸)東漢"}],"historicalPronunciations":[{"gloss":"your","pinyin":"nǎi","source":"baxter-sagart","oldChinese":"*nˤə(ŋ)ʔ ","middleChinese":"nojX"},{"gloss":"then","pinyin":"nǎi","source":"baxter-sagart","oldChinese":"*nˤəʔ ","middleChinese":"nojX"}],"shuowenExplanation":"《說文》：“ 乃，曳詞之難也。象气之出難。，古文乃。，籀文乃。”","shuowenPronunciation":"奴亥切","shuowenPinyin":"nai","pinyinFrequencies":[{"count":27,"pinyin":"nǎi"}],"pinyin":["nǎi"]},"componentUses":[{"type":"sound","characters":[{"character":"仍","isVerified":true},{"character":"奶","isVerified":true},{"character":"扔","isVerified":true},{"character":"氖","isVerified":false},{"character":"艿","isVerified":false},{"character":"鼐","isVerified":false},{"character":"尕","isVerified":false}],"verifiedCount":3},{"type":"iconic","characters":[{"character":"奶","isVerified":true}],"verifiedCount":1}],"commonWords":[{"simplified":"乃","traditional":"乃","pinyin":"nai3","gloss":"to be","definition":"to be; equivalent to the copula [[是|是|shi4]]","perMillion":41.4349898520925},{"simplified":"乃至","traditional":"乃至","pinyin":"nai3 zhi4","gloss":"even","definition":"and even; to go so far as to (used to indicate extension to a further degree or inclusion of an extreme case)","perMillion":24.8468767297866},{"simplified":"乃是","traditional":"乃是","pinyin":"nai3 shi4","gloss":"be","definition":"equivalent to either [[是|是|shi4]] or [[就是|就是|jiu4 shi4]]","perMillion":12.6729587506753},{"simplified":"木乃伊","traditional":"木乃伊","pinyin":"mu4 nai3 yi1","gloss":"mummy","definition":"(loanword) a mummy (preserved corpse)","perMillion":6.68},{"simplified":"康乃馨","traditional":"康乃馨","pinyin":"kang1 nai3 xin1","gloss":"carnation","definition":"carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) (loanword)","perMillion":0.95},{"simplified":"乃尔","traditional":"乃爾","pinyin":"nai3 er3","gloss":"thus","definition":"in this way, like this, or to such a degree","perMillion":0.100381764395059},{"simplified":"吉木乃","traditional":"吉木乃","pinyin":"Ji2 mu4 nai3","gloss":"Jeminay","definition":"Jeminay county in Altay prefecture, Xinjiang","perMillion":0.0340979326675281},{"simplified":"西乃山","traditional":"西乃山","pinyin":"Xi1 nai3 Shan1","gloss":"Mount Sinai","definition":"Mount Sinai","perMillion":0.03},{"simplified":"安乃近","traditional":"安乃近","pinyin":"an1 nai3 jin4","gloss":"analgin","definition":"analgin (loanword)","perMillion":0.03},{"simplified":"美乃滋","traditional":"美乃滋","pinyin":"mei3 nai3 zi1","gloss":"mayonnaise","definition":"mayonnaise (loanword)","perMillion":0.03},{"simplified":"吉木乃县","traditional":"吉木乃縣","pinyin":"Ji2 mu4 nai3 xian4","gloss":"Jeminay County","definition":"Jeminay County in Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang","perMillion":0.0291054004701019},{"simplified":"木乃伊化","traditional":"木乃伊化","pinyin":"mu4 nai3 yi1 hua4","gloss":"mummification","definition":"to preserve a body as a mummy or the process of becoming a mummy","perMillion":0.00833859101059488},{"simplified":"欸乃","traditional":"欸乃","pinyin":"ai3 nai3","gloss":"creaking","definition":"(onom.) the creaking of a stern-mounted oar","perMillion":0},{"simplified":"百胜难虑敌，三折乃良医","traditional":"百勝難慮敵，三折乃良醫","pinyin":"bai3 sheng4 nan2 lu:4 di2 , san1 zhe2 nai3 liang2 yi1","gloss":"learning from failure","definition":"One gains more insight and expertise through failure and setbacks than through constant success; derived from a poem by Tang poet Liu Yuxi.","perMillion":0},{"simplified":"纳塔乃耳","traditional":"納塔乃耳","pinyin":"Na4 ta3 nai3 er3","gloss":"Nathaniel","definition":"Nathaniel","perMillion":0},{"simplified":"乃堆拉","traditional":"乃堆拉","pinyin":"Nai3 dui1 la1","gloss":"Nathu La","definition":"Nathu La (Himalayan pass on Silk Road between Tibet and Indian Sikkim)","perMillion":0},{"simplified":"西乃","traditional":"西乃","pinyin":"Xi1 nai3","gloss":"Sinai","definition":"Sinai","perMillion":0},{"simplified":"康乃狄克","traditional":"康乃狄克","pinyin":"Kang1 nai3 di2 ke4","gloss":"Connecticut","definition":"Connecticut, US state (Taiwan usage)","perMillion":0},{"simplified":"乃堆拉山口","traditional":"乃堆拉山口","pinyin":"Nai3 dui1 la1 Shan1 kou3","gloss":"Nathu La","definition":"Nathu La (Himalayan pass on the Silk Road between Tibet and the northeastern Indian state of Sikkim)","perMillion":0}],"deletedComponentGlyphs":null,"wordData":{"simplified":"乃","traditional":"乃","senses":[{"id":408131,"simplified":"乃","traditional":"乃","pinyin":"nai3","gloss":"to be","definition":"to be; equivalent to the copula [[是|是|shi4]]","example":"失败乃成功之母。","variantPinyin":[],"posTags":["v","c"],"source":"cedict","occurrences":7,"sentenceCount":7,"exampleSentenceHtml":"失败乃成功之母。"},{"id":408129,"simplified":"乃","traditional":"乃","pinyin":"nai3","gloss":"only","definition":"only; not until; used to indicate that something happens only at a specific time or under a specific condition","example":"此时乃悟其意。","variantPinyin":[],"posTags":["v"],"source":"cedict","occurrences":1,"sentenceCount":1,"exampleSentenceHtml":"此时乃悟其意。"},{"id":408130,"simplified":"乃","traditional":"乃","pinyin":"nai3","gloss":"thus","definition":"thus; so; therefore; then; thereupon; used to indicate a logical sequence or consequence","example":"闻其名，乃知其人。","variantPinyin":[],"posTags":["v"],"source":"cedict","occurrences":1,"sentenceCount":1,"exampleSentenceHtml":"闻其名，乃知其人。"}],"references":[{"id":432,"sourceSimplified":"乃","sourceTraditional":"廼","sourcePinyin":"nai3","targetSimplified":"乃","targetTraditional":"乃","targetPinyin":"nai3","type":"variant","source":"cedict"}],"frequency":{"subtlexPerMillion":4.77,"subtlexContextDiversityPct":1,"bccPerMillion":41.434989852092485,"hsk3Level":7}}}