The standardized essay format used in the imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties; it consisted of eight distinct sections with strict stylistic rules.

A dogmatic, dull, and formulaic style of writing or speaking within the Communist Party, characterized by empty content and rigid forms; historically criticized for its resemblance to the [[八股文|八股文|ba1 gu3 wen2]] of the imperial examination system.

stale and repetitive talk or writing; an old-fashioned or pedantic way of thinking or behaving. Originally refers to the [[八股文|八股文|ba1 gu3 wen2]] used in imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties.