- 十二指肠溃疡 shí'èrzhǐchángkuìyáng duodenal ulcerA type of peptic ulcer occurring in the duodenum, often caused by excessive stomach acid or emotional stress and resulting in upper abdominal pain; commonly occurs within three centimeters of the pylorus.
- 十二指肠虫 shí'èrzhǐchángchóng hookwormA type of parasitic worm that lives in the [[十二指肠|十二指腸|shi2 er4 zhi3 chang2]] and sucks blood, often causing severe anemia in humans.