the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304–439 AD), a time of political fragmentation in Northern China involving five non-Han ethnic groups including the [[匈奴|匈奴|xiong1 nu2]], [[鲜卑|鮮卑|xian1 bei1]], [[羯|羯|jie2]], [[氐|氐|di1]], and [[羌|羌|qiang1]]

A historical work in 100 volumes by Cui Hong of the Northern Wei dynasty, recording the history of the sixteen kingdoms that existed in northern China from 304 to 439 AD. Although the original was lost, parts of the text survive through later citations and collections.