A collective name for the various philosophical schools of thought from the pre-Qin period to the early Han dynasty; the [[十家|十家|shi2 jia1]] refers to the ten schools identified by scholar Liu Xin, while [[九流|九流|jiu3 liu2]] refers to the nine schools excluding the school of fiction.

Refers to the diverse classical schools of thought and their masters during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, such as [[儒家|儒家|ru2 jia1]] (Confucianism), [[道家|道家|dao4 jia1]] (Daoism), [[墨家|墨家|mo4 jia1]] (Mohism), and [[法家|法家|fa3 jia1]] (Legalism)