- 古 adjectiveancientancient; old; from the distant past; referring to former times as opposed to the present
- 已 adverbalreadyalready; used in formal or written contexts to indicate an action has finished or a state has been reached
- 有 verbthere isthere is; there are; to exist; to occur or happen
- 之 pronounitUsed only in the object position to refer to a person or thing already mentioned, meaning "him", "her", "it", or "them".