- 上古汉语 shànggǔhànyǔ Old ChineseThe Chinese language from the early Western Zhou dynasty to the Han dynasty; also known as Old Sinitic.
- 中古汉语 zhōnggǔhànyǔ Middle Chinese; Medieval ChineseThe stage of the Chinese language documented in rhyme dictionaries such as the Qieyun, typically associated with the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties