a person who betrays their country, group, or organization to join an enemy; turncoat; renegade

An evildoer or person with bad intentions, often used for gangsters, robbers, or ruffians

a limited term of imprisonment, meaning any prison sentence less than life imprisonment; the offender is confined and required to perform labor for a set duration

A person who adheres to a particular religion (e.g., a Buddhist or Taoist)

A person who follows the religion of Christianity

apprentice; disciple; pupil; a person who follows a master to learn a craft or skill

thug; ruffian; bandit; person who uses violence to harm innocent people or disturb public order

a follower, believer, or disciple of a religion

an apprentice or trainee learning a trade or craft from a master

member of a different religion; heathen; pagan; heretic; apostate

a Catholic; a follower of Catholicism; member of the Catholic Church

to travel or walk on foot; to hike

disciple; adherent; follower

a person who is addicted to gambling

A disciple of a sage or a follower of a sage's teachings

master and apprentice; teacher and pupil; a collective term for a master and their student

futile or fruitless labor; wasted effort

a criminal sentence that deprives a convict of their liberty for the rest of their natural life

gangster; bandit; criminal who behaves like a bandit

a two-character Chinese surname

a follower of Christianity

Danish fairy tale author (1805–1875), famous for stories including "The Ugly Duckling" and "Thumbelina"

A criminal penalty that deprives an offender of their freedom by imprisoning them for a period of time; it is categorized into [[有期徒刑|有期徒刑|you3 qi1 tu2 xing2]] and [[无期徒刑|無期徒刑|wu2 qi1 tu2 xing2]].

with bare hands; unarmed; without using tools or weapons

In Christianity, one of the twelve original disciples of Jesus or a person sent by God to preach the gospel

a Buddhist; a disciple of Buddhism

person kept in prison; convict

a member of a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to simplify and reform church practices

a follower or adherent of Protestantism

vain; to no avail; of no use; useless

A person who has fled or is living in exile, especially to escape legal punishment or political persecution

To work in vain; to waste one's effort without achieving any results.

lawless person; an individual who violates the law

A violent person or criminal; ruffian; cutthroat; murderer; villain.

a follower of Islam; a Muslim

a reckless person who risks their life to commit crimes; a desperate thug or bravo

A person of bad character who behaves wickedly; a hoodlum, rascal, or bandit

a distinguished disciple or highly accomplished student

To have an empty title or fame without the actual ability or reality to back it up; to be nowhere near as good as one is made out to be.

literally meaning having only four bare walls at home; extremely poor and possessing nothing

a young worker who follows a master to learn a trade or technical skill; also called [[徒工|徒工|tu2 gong1]] or [[学徒|學徒|xue2 tu2]]

an apprentice or trainee worker; a young worker who follows a master to learn a skill or trade

A person who drinks excessively; a heavy drinker, toper, or tippler.

A member of a specific political party, clique, or gang; often carries a negative connotation, like "henchman" or "crony".

The disciple of one's own disciple; a second-generation student

a futile endeavor; to waste energy for no gain

(of a plant) to experience excessive and rapid growth of leaves or branches at the expense of flowers or fruit; to spindle

a person who is excessively interested in sex; a womanizer or dirty old man

To regret in old age the time wasted when one was young; refers to the uselessness of feeling sorry about one's laziness or missed opportunities later in life. This is the second half of the couplet [[少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲|少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲|shao4 zhuang4 bu4 nu3 li4 lao3 da4 tu2 shang1 bei1]]