- to chopto chop; to cut through; to sever; to hack with a blade
- 而 conjunctionbutUsed to connect ideas that contrast or conflict; yet; but; on the other hand
- 不 adverbnotNegative adverb used before verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs to indicate negation; also used as a bound-form prefix to form terms with opposite meanings
- to memorializeto report to or petition a throne; to present a formal document to an emperor