raw and processed materials used in production; commodities

the study of the properties and applications of materials

fireproof or refractory material, typically minerals like quartz or graphite that can withstand extremely high temperatures without melting or deforming

A material made from two or more substances with different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with improved overall performance; used in aerospace, construction, and electronics

Raw materials used in construction, such as cement, steel, wood, brick, and glass. Often shortened to [[建材|建材|jian4 cai2]].

material that contains unstable atoms and emits ionizing radiation

The study of the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering.

biomaterials; biological materials used for medical or scientific purposes

material used for grinding, polishing, or cleaning a surface through friction; abrasive material used for abrasive purposes

audiovisual resources used for teaching, learning, or media broadcasting

material obtained directly from personal experience or firsthand investigation; primary sources

Solid material composed of tiny particles with a diameter between 0.1 and 100 nanometers. When materials reach this scale, they exhibit unique properties such as high strength, toughness, and conductivity. Used in high-performance ceramics and electromagnetic wave absorption.

Material capable of undergoing nuclear fission

material used for thermal insulation to prevent the transfer of heat

written documents or paperwork

information collected or fabricated in secret to frame or discredit someone; damaging dossier; scandalous material

material used for reference, such as books, data, or source documents

material capable of undergoing nuclear fission

Materials used in architecture and engineering to absorb sound energy, reduce noise, and prevent echo, such as mineral wool or fiberglass

material with structural components at the scale of nanometers