materialism; the philosophical doctrine that physical matter is the primary reality and that consciousness is a product of matter; opposed to [[唯心主义|唯心主義|wei2 xin1 zhu3 yi4]]

The supreme power that created all things in nature; often used in ancient philosophy to refer to the Heavens or Nature

Theory in Marxist philosophy that views the world as material and in a constant state of change through the struggle of opposites; the combination of materialism and dialectics.

Theory developed by Marx and Engels that explains social development and history through material and economic conditions; also called [[唯物史观|唯物史觀|wei2 wu4 shi3 guan1]]

a pronoun that shows ownership or possession

a grammatical word that indicates possession, such as "my" or "your"

A philosophical school of thought that acknowledges the material world but explains all phenomena through purely mechanical laws; it views the world in a fragmented and static way, failing to account for social and historical development.

the religious belief that certain objects have magical or spiritual powers or the worship of physical objects