(philosophy) A fundamental concept reflecting the essential connection of objective things; the summary reflection of the essence of things by human thought

(literary) cultivated land; fields or countryside

(literary) level farmland; well-cultivated plain

Xichou county in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture, Yunnan province

Xichou county in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture, Yunnan province

a branch of mathematics dealing with abstract structures and the relationships between them

Hong Chengchou (1593–1665), a high-ranking official who served under the Ming dynasty before surrendering to and becoming a key architect of the early Qing dynasty administration.

(bound form) ancient specialists in astronomy, calendar-making, or mathematics, often holding hereditary positions

In former times; formerly. This is a literary term equivalent to [[畴昔|疇昔|chou2 xi1]].

(literary) in former times; in the past

(literary) bygone days; the past

People of the same class or category; fellow members of a group

people of the same generation, position, or class