billowing smoke and pestilent air; used to describe a foul or polluted environment, as well as social chaos, corruption, or a state of utter turmoil

poisonous or foul-smelling air rising from marshes or tropical forests, traditionally believed to cause epidemic diseases such as [[瘴疠|瘴癘|zhang4 li4]]

poisonous gas or fog found in tropical or damp environments that is believed to cause illness; harmful vapors

infectious diseases found in tropical or subtropical regions, traditionally attributed to harmful mists rising from mountains or forests, such as malaria

(literary) infectious gas or fog arising from humid mountain forests; often associated with disease or poisonous air

(variant form) obstacles to spiritual progress or enlightenment; demons or tribulations