to cause physical or mental suffering; to torture; to persecute

To mull something over or think something through carefully; to turn over in one's mind.

to suffer wear and tear; to wear out or deteriorate through use or friction

to rub lightly against something; to stroke gently

to wear in or break in new or newly repaired machinery or vehicles so that parts fit together smoothly

to temper, steel, or discipline oneself through hardship or trial

to idle away, kill, or pass time

tribulation; torment; suffering; a trial or difficult experience

to polish or burnish a surface to make it smooth and shiny

durable against friction or wear; long-lasting

to temper or toughen oneself through hard work or difficult experiences; to discipline and train one's character through trial and error

To sharpen a blade or tool on a grindstone; to make something sharp by rubbing it against an abrasive surface.

A workshop for grinding grain into flour or meal.

to grind or mill something into a fine powder, often using a tool like a mortar and pestle

To grind the upper and lower teeth together, especially during sleep.

to rub; to chafe; to scour; to move one surface against another

to be gradually erased or obliterated over a long period of time, as with traces, impressions, or achievements; to wear away

Unable to be erased or forgotten; refers to impressions, contributions, or memories that remain vivid or significant forever.

to grind or finish a workpiece using a grinding wheel or machine tool

to grind or hone a knife to make it sharp

to move slowly or take a long time to do something; slow-going

To turn a millstone by hand

A type of machine tool that uses a rotating grinding wheel to shape, smooth, or finish the surface of high-hardness workpieces.

good things often take time or meet with many obstacles before they are successfully achieved; frequently used to describe a couple's journey to marriage being delayed by complications

one of a pair of heavy circular stones used for grinding grain; a millstone

abrasive material used for grinding or polishing metal, glass, or other surfaces

a tool used for grinding grain, consisting of two circular stone discs placed one on top of the other

to rub, grind, or use a tool (such as a grinding wheel) on the surface of an object to make it smooth, shiny, or burnished

to grind into bits; to pulverize

to grind grain or other materials into a fine paste or powder while adding water

to use all kinds of methods, both gentle and persistent, to wear someone down and get what one wants; to wheedle; to cajole

A type of machine consisting of a rotating drum containing balls used for grinding or mixing materials like ores, ceramics, or chemicals into fine powder.

to sharpen a knife with a whishing or whistling sound [[霍霍|霍霍|huo4 huo4]]; originally describing Mulan's brother preparing to slaughter livestock

(idiom) literally means to sharpen one's spear only before going into battle; used to describe making hasty preparations only at the last possible moment when a situation has already become urgent

damage, loss of material, or consumption due to friction or use

a workshop for processing grain; specifically a workshop for grinding flour

A general term for tools used for grinding or sharpening; usually made from grains of carbon, silicon, or diamond bonded together.

grindstone or stone block used for sharpening knives and blades

Translucent glass with a rough, ground surface; also called [[毛玻璃|毛玻璃|mao2 bo1 li5]]

(idiom) literally ears and sideburns rubbing against one another; describes two people (especially a young couple or childhood friends) being extremely intimate or spending a lot of time together

Literally "with money, you can make a ghost turn a millstone"; used to describe the power of money to achieve anything or work miracles.

To grind something until it becomes a powder or flour

the geological process of wearing away the earth's surface by the friction of water, wind, ice, or gravity carrying rocks and sand; erosion

a mill or millstones used for grinding grain; regional term for a [[磨|磨|mo4]]

stone used for sharpening or polishing knives and tools

The work of grinding or polishing workpieces with a grinder or machine tool

To grind soy beans in a mill to make tofu

To dawdle or work slowly on purpose; to idle or goldbrick during work hours

literally meaning that sharpening the knife will not delay the woodcutting; time spent on preparation is not wasted and will improve efficiency later