a cause or condition contributing to a particular result or development

The innate or developed qualities of a person, including their character, upbringing, health, and education; also used for the essential quality or nature of a thing.

(chemistry) chemical element; a pure substance consisting of only one type of atom.

Smallest basic unit that makes up a digital image; the more there are, the clearer and more detailed the image will be.

Organic compound essential for the growth and metabolism of humans and animals.

an essential factor or key constituent; a fundamental component necessary for the formation of a whole

hormone; a substance produced in an organism that regulates physiological activities such as metabolism and growth

Chemical substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms to treat infections

poisonous substance produced by living organisms

Substances that give color to organic tissues or materials; can be natural, like chlorophyll, or artificial, such as food coloring.

a protein hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood; its deficiency or abnormality leads to diabetes

raw or original material used for research, reporting, or study

A person's level of accomplishment, quality, or knowledge acquired through long-term training or practice; often refers to one's personal cultivation and character

simple and unadorned in style or appearance; not colorful or showy

urea; carbamide, a chemical compound produced during protein metabolism or synthesized for use in fertilizers, animal feed, and plastics

chemical elements required in minute quantities for the normal growth and development of living organisms

vegetarian food; a diet that does not include meat or fish; to eat a vegetarian diet

An antibiotic drug extracted from the culture fluid of Penicillium molds; used clinically to treat conditions like pneumonia and syphilis. [Also known as [[盘尼西林|盤尼西林|pan2 ni2 xi1 lin2]]]

A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics; also called [[雌性激素|雌性激素|ci2 xing4 ji1 su4]].

To be well-trained through systematic and rigorous practice

cellulose; an organic compound that is the main part of plant cell walls and is used to make paper and artificial fibers

adrenaline; epinephrine; a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases heart rate and blood pressure, often used medically to treat asthma or allergic shock

The dark pigment found in the skin, hair, and iris of the eye; its concentration determines the darkness of these tissues.

nutritious substance contained in food needed for growth and health, such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals

Variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons and occupy the same position in the periodic table, but have a different number of neutrons; often used in medical diagnosis, biological tracing, and geological dating.

a drawing or work of art produced by sketching, typically using pencil, charcoal, or ink

A group of organic compounds found in plants and animals that provides yellow, orange, or red coloring; it can be converted into [[维生素A|維生素A|wei2 sheng1 su4 ei1]] in the body.

to abstain from eating meat or animal products; for some religious practitioners, this also includes abstaining from certain pungent vegetables like garlic and onions

all along; consistently; used to describe a habit or state that has existed from the past up to the present

A type of protein produced by animal cells to fight viruses, tumors, and help regulate the immune system.

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), British philosopher, logician, and mathematician who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950

To persist in one's own way of doing things regardless of the opinions or advice of others; to carry on as usual despite outside influence.

A toxin found in the cell walls of certain bacteria, primarily complex lipopolysaccharides, that is released when the bacteria die; it can cause fever or shock in humans and animals.

an antibiotic used to treat infections such as staphylococcus and diphtheria

An antibiotic drug used to treat many types of bacterial infections.

The primary orange-yellow pigment in bile; its levels in the blood are an important indicator used to diagnose liver, gallbladder, and blood-related diseases.

(physics) A species of atom characterized by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

An antibiotic drug used to treat bacterial infections such as typhoid, whooping cough, and bacterial dysentery

a person who does not eat meat

to have never met before; to be completely unacquainted with one another

usually; habitually; ordinarily; normal times; as one has always done

vegetable or vegetarian dish that does not contain meat or animal fats

simple but elegant; understated and tasteful in appearance or style

Chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or kill bacteria; used to treat infections.

Hormone secreted by the testes or ovaries that stimulates the development of reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

A complex chemical compound that is a key component of wood and vascular plants.

male hormone; any hormone that promotes male characteristics and the development of reproductive organs

An antibiotic medicine used to treat various bacterial infections, notably tuberculosis and is particularly effective against the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and the plague.

progesterone; a hormone that stimulates and regulates various reproductive functions in the body