(literary) used after a subject or phrase to indicate a slight pause before a definition or explanation

(literary) particle used at the end of a sentence to indicate a judgment, explanation, or to strengthen an affirmative or interrogative mood; or used mid-sentence after a word or phrase to indicate a pause or emphasize the topic

Connects a describing word or phrase to the noun it describes, similar to 的 de but used in formal or literary writing.

(classical) used at the end of a sentence to express interrogation, doubt, surmise, or exclamation; similar to 吗 ma or 啊 a