A high-ranking official in a monarchy or royal court; chancellor

a republic in southwestern Russia

someone who has rendered outstanding service to a country, people, or cause; a meritorious person or official

To serve a ruler as their subject, following the etiquette of a court official.

(literary) officials and common people in a monarchy; subjects of a ruler or kingdom

an official or subject in a feudal court

an official or statesman loyal to their ruler or nation; a patriot

A high-ranking official or minister with heavy responsibilities and high prestige.

official representative, emissary, or envoy sent by a monarch or government to a foreign country or organization

a treacherous court official or minister who conspires against the state or ruler

ministers or officials in a feudal court

An imperial commissioner or envoy appointed by the emperor to handle significant matters or inspections during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

to bow one's head and declare oneself a subject; to capitulate, submit, or admit defeat

To declare oneself a subject; to give allegiance to or accept the rule of another.

famous and virtuous official or statesman, typically in historical contexts

(literary) an influential and often overbearing government official or minister who holds significant power

a counselor, high-ranking household staff member, or vassal serving a noble or feudal lord in ancient times; henchman

(literary) an official, minister, or subject of a ruler in former times

A high-ranking official or minister who is in close personal attendance to a monarch; a favorite courtier

Yi Sun-sin (1545–1598), Korean admiral and folk hero famous for his naval victories over Japanese invaders.

a virtuous or capable official who serves a ruler with wisdom and integrity

a counselor or official who provides strategic advice to a ruler or monarch

rebels and traitors; a general term for scoundrels or anyone who betrays their country and family; originally referred to disloyal officials and unfilial children

officials serving a ruler in imperial or feudal times; subjects of a monarch

(literary) officials in a monarchy; civil and military officers of a royal court

Foreign Secretary; specifically the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in the UK or a similar high-ranking diplomat in a monarchy

(saying) a new emperor brings with him his own court; used to describe how a new leader or manager replaces the existing staff with their own trusted subordinates.

an emperor's favorite courtier or minion; a court jester; often used for a servant or official who is kept for the ruler's amusement

(literary) a courtier or official who uses flattery to gain favor; a deceitful sycophant in a royal court

an outstanding official or general who helped establish a new dynasty or state

(literary) an official serving close to the emperor in the inner court; a chamberlain

To reach the highest possible position an official can hold under a ruler; to become prime minister or a top government dignitary.

(literary) civilian court official or minister in former times

(1002-1060) Northern Song dynasty poet, noted for his realistic style and association with Su Shunqin

a heart or mind lacking loyalty to one's sovereign; the intention to commit treason or rebel

The four roles of medicinal components in a traditional Chinese medicine prescription; respectively, the principal ingredient, the associate ingredient that helps the principal, the adjuvant ingredient that treats minor symptoms or reduces side effects, and the ingredient that guides the medicine to the target area or harmonizes the mixture.

A rebellious or treasonous official who causes disorder in the state

vassal; feudatory

An official who served in a previous dynasty and then accepted a position in the following dynasty; a turncoat.

Bao Shichen (1775-1855), a scholar, official, and influential calligrapher of the Qing Dynasty from Anhui province known for advocating the study of Northern Dynasties stele inscriptions. He is famous for his writings on calligraphy theory, such as "The Double Oars of the Boat of Art" (Yizhou Shuangji), and his works on social and economic reform.

A key minister or high-ranking official who bears heavy responsibilities for the nation's security and stability.

A lonely official and a son of a concubine in disgrace; refers to a supporter of a lost cause or someone isolated from power yet remaining loyal. Also written as [[孽子孤臣|孽子孤臣|nie4 zi3 gu1 chen2]].

Loyal governors and those who sacrificed their lives for their country; people who are faithful to their ruler and die for a righteous cause.

if the ruler is humiliated, the subordinates must sacrifice their lives for the honor of the lord; a traditional code of loyalty for officials

(bound form) an official in charge of public records or history in imperial China

Literary idiom used to express loyalty, suggesting that if a ruler is troubled, it is a source of shame for their subordinates; often followed by [[主辱臣死|主辱臣死|zhu3 ru3 chen2 si3]].

(literary) an official or courtier trusted by the monarch

Wu Renchen (1628-1689), a Qing dynasty historian, polymath, and book collector from Hangzhou; he was a key editor of the [[明史|明史|ming2 shi3]] and author of the [[十国春秋|十國春秋|shi2 guo2 chun1 qiu1]] and the dictionary supplement [[字汇补|字彙補|zi4 hui4 bu3]]

strategic experts and powerful generals; refers to the combined strength of wise advisors and courageous military commanders