A consonant produced by using the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth, gums, or the front of the palate; includes sounds like "d", "t", "n", "l", "z", "c", "s", "zh", "ch", "sh", and "r".

a sound produced with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or the ridge behind them, such as the consonants "z", "c", and "s"

A sound produced by curling the tip of the tongue back toward the hard palate; refers specifically to the Mandarin sounds zh, ch, sh, and r. Also called [[卷舌音|捲舌音|juan3 she2 yin1]] or [[翘舌音|翹舌音|qiao4 she2 yin1]].

an alveolar lateral consonant (such as [l]); produced by the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth or alveolar ridge while air flows out over the sides of the tongue

a speech sound produced by vibrating the tip of the tongue against the ridge behind the upper teeth

A nasal sound made by blocking air in the mouth with the tip of the tongue against the upper gum ridge and letting it escape through the nose.

A vowel produced with the tip of the tongue near the upper teeth or front of the mouth.