A vowel sound produced by raising the middle or back part of the tongue toward the hard or soft palate; categorized into front, central, and back dorsal vowels.

A consonant produced with the front of the tongue against the hard palate, such as the sounds written as j, q, and x in Pinyin.

(bound form) velar sound; a consonant produced by the back of the tongue touching the soft palate, such as 'g', 'k', or 'h' in Mandarin pinyin

consonant produced with the body of the tongue against the hard or soft palate; includes alveo-palatals (j, q, x) and velars (g, k, h, ng)