- 苦行僧 kǔxíngsēng ascetic monkA monk who practices asceticism through self-denial and physical hardship
- 苦行者 kǔxíngzhě ascetica person who practices severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons
- 苦行赎罪 kǔxíngshúzuì to do penanceto do penance; to perform acts of suffering to atone for one's sins