intense and vigorous; used to describe a scene, movement, or activity that is in full swing with great momentum

to cause great suffering

(Buddhism) mandala (loanword from Sanskrit)

to torment the people (idiom)

metaphor for numerous and harsh laws or punishments (literally 'flowering autumn grass and fine net')

Dravidian (general term for South Indian people and languages)

To eat bitter fruit and lie on thorns (idiom); to share the hard life of the common people.