germ; bacterium; microscopic single-celled organisms that exist in a variety of environments, some of which cause disease while others are beneficial

bacillus; any rod-shaped bacteria

to resist bacteria; antibacterial; antimicrobial

fungi; any member of a large group of organisms that have cell walls but lack chlorophyll, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms; they survive by absorbing nutrients from other organic matter

To kill germs or bacteria using methods such as heat, chemicals, or radiation; to disinfect or sterilize

pathogenic bacteria; germs or fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms

Escherichia coli; a type of bacteria commonly found in the lower intestines of humans and other warm-blooded animals

to sterilize or disinfect by killing bacteria

General term for fungi that grow as microscopic filaments (such as bread mold and penicillin) and reproduce via spores, commonly found in damp environments; some species are used for antibiotics or industrial production while others cause disease.

A genus of bacteria characterized by small round cells arranged in chains; often found in nature, some types can cause diseases such as tonsillitis or scarlet fever.

staphylococcus; a type of bacteria that cluster together like a bunch of grapes and can cause infections or food poisoning

a visible cluster of microbes such as bacteria or fungi that has grown from a single cell or spore on a solid medium

microbiota; microbiome

A type of spherical or nearly spherical bacterium; distinct types include those that occur in pairs, chains, or clusters, many of which can cause disease. disease.

Fungi that can be eaten as vegetables or health supplements, such as mushrooms and wood ears; often rich in protein and widely cultivated.

a bacterial or microbial culture used for vaccination, experiments, or industrial fermentation

bacteria that are capable of causing disease

biological or bacteriological warfare using bacteria or viruses to attack people, animals, or plants

bacteria or fungi capable of causing disease; pathogenic microorganisms

mycelium; a network of thread-like hyphae forming the vegetative part of a fungus

Chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or kill bacteria; used to treat infections.

Bacteria that break down carbohydrates to produce lactic acid, such as lactobacillus; used in food fermentation and yogurt production.

a category of organisms including bacteria, slime molds, and fungi; they lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients through parasitism or saprophytism

Salmonella; any of various bacteria that cause food poisoning or typhoid fever

The scientific study of bacteria and their roles in medicine, agriculture, and industry; a branch of microbiology.

An agent used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi or bacteria

yeast; saccharomycete; any single-celled fungus used as a fermenting agent in baking, brewing, or making soy sauce; abbreviated as [[酵母|酵母|jiao4 mu3]]

(biology) any of various bacteria shaped like a comma or curve, including the species that causes cholera

A vaccine prepared from bacteria, used to provide immunity against diseases; also known as [[细菌性疫苗|細菌性疫苗|xi4 jun1 xing4 yi4 miao2]].

a type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria; often used in genetic engineering or to treat bacterial infections

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis; mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacteria that contains toxins or causes disease

to carry or be contaminated with disease-causing bacteria

A type of bacteria that occurs in pairs; many species cause diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and gonorrhea.

a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on the surface of teeth, which can lead to tooth decay and [[牙结石|牙結石|ya2 jie2 shi2]]

a dense mass of branched threads formed by certain fungi, often having a dark outer layer, that can survive in harsh conditions and grow into a new fungus

a person or animal that carries an infectious disease without showing symptoms but can still pass it to others; asymptomatic carrier

a common soil bacterium often used as a model organism in biological research

A type of edible mushroom with a yellowish-brown cap resembling a cow's liver; common in southwestern China.

A type of bacteria that lives in the roots of legumes and fixes nitrogen from the air for the plant to use.

any of various organisms that exist as a single-celled mass of protoplasm, such as mycetozoa or acrasiales; slime fungus

bacterial fertilizer; bacterial manure

the umbrella-shaped top of a mushroom, which comes in various colors and carries the gills; also called [[菌伞|菌傘|jun4 san3]] or [[菌帽|菌帽|jun4 mao4]]

agaric; toadstool; any gill-bearing fungus of the order Agaricales

the stem or stalk of a mushroom; mushroom stalk or stem

colon bacillus; coliform bacteria; a short rod-shaped bacterium found in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates that is often used as an indicator of water or food contamination

a yellow-green fungus that typically grows on crops and can produce toxic substances

Microorganisms in the soil that convert nitrogen gas from the air into ammonia or other nitrogen compounds that can be absorbed and used by plants.

a spiral-shaped bacterium, typically found in soil or water, that often moves using flagella