Zeng Guofan (1811-1872), a prominent Qing dynasty statesman, military leader, and scholar; known for organizing the Xiang Army to suppress the Taiping Rebellion and being one of the leading figures of the Tongzhi Restoration.

Tang dynasty system of provincial administration led by a military governor ([[节度使|節度使|jie2 du4 shi3]]), specifically referring to independent regional power centers that resisted central control; literally 'fence town'

hedge; fence; a physical barrier made of brushwood or bamboo

a dependent state or territory under the protection or control of a larger empire

San Francisco, California; another name for [[旧金山|舊金山|jiu4 jin1 shan1]]

feudatory or vassal state; a state ruled by a feudal lord as a protective barrier for the royal house in ancient China

Official in charge of civil and financial affairs for a province during the Ming and Qing dynasties

(literary) A vassal state or a foreign dependency; a protectorate. Also refers specifically to the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Qinghai regions during the Qing Dynasty.

Official title of the treasurer general who managed civil and financial affairs for a province during the Ming and Qing dynasties; see [[布政司|布政司|bu4 zheng4 si1]]

A rebellion from 1673 to 1681 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, led by the generals Wu Sangui, Shang Zhixin, and Geng Jingzhong against the Qing dynasty.

(literary) members of the imperial family who were granted land as feudal lords to serve as a protective barrier for the throne

Li Zhenfan (1940-1973), the real name of martial artist and actor [[李小龙|李小龍|li3 xiao3 long2]]

Cai Dongfan (1877-1945), a Chinese historian and historical novelist

Literally "a ram butts a fence and gets its horns caught"; used to describe a situation where it is impossible to either advance or retreat

the three semi-autonomous territories or their respective military governors in early Qing dynasty South China

A rebellion against the Qing Dynasty during the 1670s led by three regional lords and eventually suppressed by the Emperor [[康熙|康熙|kang1 xi1]]

(literary) to protect or shield; to safeguard

to abolish the feudal domains and establish modern prefectures; refers to the administrative reorganization during the 1871 Meiji Restoration in Japan

Ministry of Territorial Affairs during the late Qing Dynasty, responsible for managing relations with Inner Asian dependencies and succeeding the earlier Lifan Yuan

the Court of Colonial Affairs or Ministry of Minority Affairs in the Qing dynasty, responsible for managing relations with Inner Asian dependencies, later known as the [[理藩部|理藩部|li3 fan1 bu4]] and succeeded by the [[蒙藏委员会|蒙藏委員會|meng3 zang4 wei3 yuan2 hui4]]

literally a goat's horns getting caught in a fence; used to describe being in an impossible situation where it is difficult to either move forward or retreat

A line of defense or protective screen

A government repository or warehouse used to store money and grain, specifically referring to the treasury managed by the provincial administration during the Qing dynasty

subordinate state or dependency under the protection of a central empire

(literary) a powerful governor or feudal lord who rules a border territory