the various schools of thought, their scholars, and their writings during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770–221 BC); refers to representative thinkers like [[孔子|孔子|kong3 zi3]] and [[老子|老子|lao3 zi3]], and schools like [[儒家|儒家|ru2 jia1]] and [[道家|道家|dao4 jia1]]

Refers to the diverse classical schools of thought and their masters during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, such as [[儒家|儒家|ru2 jia1]] (Confucianism), [[道家|道家|dao4 jia1]] (Daoism), [[墨家|墨家|mo4 jia1]] (Mohism), and [[法家|法家|fa3 jia1]] (Legalism)