The "Biographies of Officials who Served Two Dynasties", a twelve-volume historical work commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty. It records biographies of over 120 former Ming dynasty officials who surrendered to the Qing, categorizing them based on their subsequent loyalty and contributions to the new regime.

imperially commissioned table and biographies of officials who served two dynasties, compiled during the Qing Dynasty to categorize former Ming officials who surrendered to the Manchus