- 唯物辩证法 wéiwùbiànzhèngfǎ dialectical materialismA philosophical method developed by Marx and Engels describing the fundamental laws of nature, society, and thought, based on the idea that material reality develops through the unity of opposites.
- 马克思主义辩证法 mǎkèsīzhǔyìbiànzhèngfǎ Marxist dialecticsMarxist dialectical method, which considers the world as a complex of processes and is used to analyze social development and natural phenomena