To distinguish or tell the difference between things, especially between what is genuine and what is fake or what is good and what is bad.

shared evaluation or common assessment of a situation or object

Wang Jian (1598–1677), a famous landscape painter of the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties from Taicang, Jiangsu; one of the "Four Wangs" and the "Nine Friends of Painting".

paternity test or DNA identification to determine parent-child relationships

An official who provides direct, honest advice to a ruler, serving as a moral mirror

A 19th-century Chinese zhanghui novel by Chen Sen about the relationships between scholars and Peking opera actors; it is historically significant for its detailed depiction of the Qing dynasty theater world

The process of evaluating and certifying a person's level of knowledge or academic achievement.

comprehensive encyclopedia of literary references compiled by imperial decree during the Qing Dynasty, completed in 1710

An expansive 18th-century encyclopedia commissioned by the Kangxi Emperor; it covers Chinese history and literature from antiquity through the Ming dynasty across 450 volumes.

the process of determining the potency or concentration of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues

historical work by Qing dynasty scholar Bi Yuan, serving as a continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance

alternative name for a mid-nineteenth century Chinese novel about the relationship between scholar-officials and male opera performers

to assess a person's abilities or character; a person who evaluates or judges talent

to appraise; appraisal; valuation

To examine lessons from history or past experiences in order to understand current trends or determine the best course of action today

Jianhu Lake in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, much of which was converted to farmland during the Song Dynasty

to inspect videos and other media to identify and remove pornographic content

a content moderator specializing in the detection and removal of pornographic material, both in digital and printed media

A Chinese dictionary compiled by the Liao dynasty monk [[行均|行均|xing2 jun1]] in 997 AD; originally titled [[龙龛手镜|龍龕手鏡|long2 kan1 shou3 jing4]], the name was changed to avoid a naming taboo. It is an important historical source for studying variant and Buddhist characters