to identify, authenticate, or determine the quality and type of an object; an appraisal or expert evaluation

to draw a lesson from someone else's experience; to use others' actions or methods as a point of comparison to learn from

used as a preposition to introduce a situation or fact that serves as the basis for a subsequent action or judgment

A reference book published annually that records information, statistics, and events of the past year in a specific field or in general

to examine and appreciate the value of something, such as art, antiques, or literature

in view of this; for this reason; taking this as a lesson or warning; often used to introduce a necessary action or conclusion

(idiom) a warning or lesson drawn from observing previous mistakes or failures; literally "the overturned cart ahead serves as a mirror"

to verify and confirm as authentic; an administrative review and verification of a contract or document's legality and authenticity by relevant authorities

paternity or maternity test; a medical or biological test to determine whether someone is the biological parent of a child

to examine and judge the quality of something; to appraise or evaluate

A specimen impression of a seal filed with an organization, such as a bank, to be used for verifying signatures and preventing forgery.preventing forgery.

A qualified professional who conducts evaluations and provides expert judgments on engineering projects, products, cultural relics, or technology.

A vast chronological general history written by [[司马光|司馬光|si1 ma3 guang1]] and collaborators during the Northern Song in 1084; it covers Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD in 294 scrolls.

an official meeting or conference held to evaluate, appraise, or approve the quality of a product, person, or achievement

Tang dynasty Buddhist monk (688-763) also known as Ganjin who, after several unsuccessful attempts, finally reached Japan and became influential in Japanese Buddhism

(literary) a bright, clear mirror

The ability to judge and appreciate the quality of artistic or cultural works.

connoisseur; appreciative person; expert in art or food who can judge quality

to review, assess, or critique a plan or the results of a project; an evaluation or assessment

To cite a past mistake or negative experience to serve as a warning or lesson for the future

A book or guide consisting primarily of pictures or illustrations with accompanying text descriptions, often used for identifying species or items; widely used in book titles.

Describes a surface that is so polished or bright that it acts like a mirror and reflects a person's image

to appreciate and evaluate something; to enjoy a work of art or a cultural relic; synonymous with [[鉴赏|鑒賞|jian4 shang3]]

The lessons of history are not far to seek; used to say that one should take warning from the failures of those who came before.

Xi Jian (269–339), a high-ranking politician and calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty known for suppressing rebellions and serving as a senior advisor to several emperors.

(literary) examples of past failures that serve as a lesson for the future; a historical warning. Derived from the "Book of Odes" line "The warning for the Yin dynasty was not far off, it was in the time of the Xia kings."

(idiom) oily and shiny enough to act as a mirror; glossy and sleek

to take history as a mirror; to use past events as a guide or warning for the present

(idiom) to take a past failure as a lesson or warning for the future; literally "the cart in front is a mirror"

(literary) to examine and excuse; please forgive me

to inspect carefully; to examine closely; to supervise or control

to use past lessons or someone else's mistakes as a warning for oneself; to take warning from something

to observe and learn from past experiences in order to foresee how the future will develop; studying history gives insight into what is to come

To examine deeply or understand something thoroughly; to have a clear insight into a situation.

A respectful term used to ask for the recipient's judgment or review of a situation

lessons or examples from history that serve as a warning or a model; literally refers to the tortoise shell for divination and the bronze mirror for reflection

A formal and polite phrase used in letters after the recipient's name to ask them to read what follows, typically addressed to peers or colleagues.

the ability to judge a person's character and capabilities; an insightful assessment of people

to use experiences and lessons from the past as a guide for the future

DNA testing; a genetic test to identify individuals or genetic relationships

(literary) to observe or examine something with clear insight and discernment; to judge someone's character accurately

lit. the cart in front overturns, providing a warning to the cart behind; fig. to draw lessons from the failures of those who came before or from one's own past mistakes

(literary) can serve as a lesson or a warning; worthy of being used as a cautionary example

(literary) describes a surface so clear that it can serve as a mirror

Professional identification and evaluation by experts using scientific technology or specialized knowledge to determine facts in a legal case; expert testimony or judicial evidence.

literally meaning a warning to the following cart; drawing a lesson from the failure of those who came before or learning from past mistakes to avoid repeating them

The official Chinese government body responsible for certifying and identifying cultural relics and historical artifacts

A polite formula used in letters asking the recipient to kindly read or look over the contents.

Used in formal letters after the recipient's name to politely ask for their attention; typically addressed to peers or elders.