person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them, especially in a slave-owning society; person who is cruelly oppressed or exploited, or who is excessively subservient to someone or something

to be under the jurisdiction or control of a higher authority; to belong to a larger organization or system

to belong to; to be under the jurisdiction or control of

the social system of slavery based on the ownership of slaves by slaveholders; the institution of slavery

To be directly subordinate to a higher administrative level or central authority

An owner of slaves; specifically refers to the ruling class in a slave-holding society who owned both slaves and the means of production.

A style of Chinese calligraphy characterized by flat, square strokes with a distinctive flared tail; it evolved from seal script and flourished during the Han dynasty

slave-owning society; in Marxist theory, the historical period following primitive society and preceding [[封建社会|封建社會|feng1 jian4 she4 hui4]] where the economy is based on the ownership of slaves and production tools by slave owners

slavery; the social system of slave ownership

A style of Chinese calligraphy used during the Han dynasty, characterized by its lively brushwork and flattened character shapes. Specifically refers to the style of clerical script from the Eastern Han dynasty, characterized by the "silkworm head and wild goose tail" brushstrokes and a flared appearance, which distinguishes it from the more rigid [[唐隶|唐隸|tang2 li4]].

(literary) An attendant or runner in a government office in old China; they were named for the black uniforms they wore.

(literary) cursive script [[草书|草書|cao3 shu1]] and clerical script [[隶书|隸書|li4 shu1]] collectively

the official clerical script developed during the Qin Dynasty, used to simplify and assist the formal seal script

(variant form) clerical script style of Chinese calligraphy, featuring straight, broad brush strokes; an evolutionary precursor of the regular script ([[楷书|楷書|kai3 shu1]]) but distinct from it

Servants, slaves, or runners working in a government office in ancient times.

a style of clerical script from the Tang Dynasty characterized by more rigid and standardized brushstrokes compared to earlier forms

modern clerical script, a style of Chinese calligraphy developed during the Han dynasty and used as a precursor to standard script

a prisoner forced to perform labor service as a form of punishment

to be transferred to or come under the jurisdiction of a different governing authority

an ancient style of Chinese calligraphy from the Jin Dynasty, representing a free or cursive variation of the standard clerical script

(literary) ordinary people; those engaged in manual or laborious work

Etymological dictionary of Han clerical script compiled by Lou Ji during the Song dynasty

traditional Chinese opera style from Hebei Province, formerly known by this name during the Qing dynasty

In ancient China, criminals or their family members who were seized by the government and forced into servitude or enslaved to the state

the common people; the masses

to assign to a specific group or department; to place under the control of another

to practice or study diligently

(literary) convicts reduced to slavery or forced labor by the state as punishment for a crime

A Chinese calligraphic style that evolved from seal script during the Qin dynasty and flourished in the Han dynasty, characterized by straight and square strokes; also called [[隶书|隸書|li4 shu1]] or [[隶字|隸字|li4 zi4]].

servants or low-ranking underlings

A Qing Dynasty book written by Gu Aiji in eight volumes, which analyzes Han Dynasty clerical script characters and traces their evolution from seal script; it is based on the earlier work [[汉隶字源|漢隸字源|han4 li4 zi4 yuan2]] by Lou Ji.

An important 12th-century Chinese work on epigraphy by Hong Kuo, consisting of 27 volumes that record and analyze over 180 Han and Wei dynasty stone tablet inscriptions written in clerical script.