- 非 verbnot beto not be; to not belong to; equivalent to 是 in its negative form
- 此 determinerthisthis; these; (literary) the thing or person nearby, similar to 这
- 即 verbadverbnamelyto be; to mean; that is; equivalent to 就是
- 彼 verbthatthat; those; the other; often used in contrast with 此 meaning "this"