Connects a describing word or phrase to the noun it describes, similar to 的 de but used in formal or literary writing.

Used only in the object position to refer to a person or thing already mentioned, meaning "him", "her", "it", or "them".

Used after a name or noun to refer to others of that kind or category

Used between a subject and a verb to turn the phrase into a noun-like unit.

Used between a subject and a following adjective to emphasize the degree or extent of a quality.

(literary) To travel to a place; to head toward.

(bound form) This; referring to a person or thing nearby.

A Chinese surname

(literary) Used to indicate the preposing of an object for emphasis