also; too; as well; in addition; used in negative sentences to mean "either" or "neither"

used to create a more indirect or polite tone, often when making a suggestion or expressing a modest opinion

used in the second part of a sentence to show that a result remains the same regardless of a condition or obstacle, often following words like 虽然 suī​rán or 即使 jí​shǐ

used to emphasize a point by highlighting an extreme or unexpected case, often used with 连 lián

(literary) particle used at the end of a sentence to indicate a judgment, explanation, or to strengthen an affirmative or interrogative mood; or used mid-sentence after a word or phrase to indicate a pause or emphasize the topic

a Chinese surname