that; such; that kind of; used to point to a specific person, thing, or situation

used to indicate a subset or part of a previously mentioned group

his; her; its; their; refers back to a person or thing mentioned previously

used as a suffix after certain adverbs to provide emphasis or balance

him; her; it; them; used as the object of a verb

(literary) expresses a guess or estimation, meaning "perhaps" or "probably"

(literary) expresses a wish or command, meaning "should" or "must"

(literary) used to mark a rhetorical question, meaning "how could..." or "is it the case that..."

used in certain historical names, such as 郦食其 lì​yì​jī

a Chinese surname

(literary) sentence-final particle expressing a question

(literary) particle used in the middle or end of a sentence after words like 彼 bǐ or 何 hé