The native language of a ruling ethnic group in a multi-ethnic dynasty, such as Manchu during the Qing dynasty

The standard national language of China, commonly used in Taiwan to refer to Mandarin Chinese and historically used to distinguish it from regional dialects

A primary school subject focused on the national language and literature

An ancient Chinese historical text from the Spring and Autumn period, also known as the 春秋外传 chūn​qiū​wài​zhuàn