(literary) how; what (used in questions or expressions of futility frequently with 何 hé)

(bound form) to deal with; to handle; to cope with

(bound form) used for its phonetic value in writing foreign names or words

(literary) to endure; to withstand; same as 耐 nài

a Chinese surname

(literary) but; however; unfortunately (expressing an unexpected turn or obstacle, often as 无奈 wú​nài or 怎奈 zěn​nài)