once; ever in the past; indicates that an action has previously occurred or a state has existed; often used as a formal or written shorthand for 曾经 céng​jīng

(bound form) great-; indicates a relative separated by two generations, such as a great-grandfather or great-grandchild

a Chinese surname

(literary) unexpectedly; to one's surprise; as it turns out

(literary) to increase; to add to

(literary) even; used for emphasis (often in negated patterns paired with 不 bù)

(literary) layered; overlapping