to treat a disease or medical condition; to cure; to wipe out pests or eliminate something harmful

to rule; to govern; to manage or administer; to harness a river

(of a society or country) stable; peaceful; well-ordered

to punish; to penalize; to bring to justice

(bound form) to research or specialize in a field of study; to pursue academic work

(bound form) the seat of local government; a political center in old usage

a Chinese surname