(literary) pronoun or prepositional phrase acting as a substitute for 之 zhī or 于 yú plus a pronoun, meaning him, her, it, them, or in, at, or from it

(literary) how; why; by what means; often used in rhetorical questions

(literary) where; in what place.

(literary) a sentence-final particle expressing a state, a degree, or a certain mood such as affirmation or exclamation.

(literary) a suffix used after adjectives or adverbs to describe an appearance or state, similar to 然 rán.

(bound form) a Chinese surname Yan.

(literary) then; thereupon; consequently; used to indicate a result or a cause-and-effect relationship between clauses