Used after a verb to show that an action has happened before, or after an adjective to show that a state was previously true.

to cross; to pass; to go through a place or space

to exceed or go beyond a certain limit; to surpass; (bound form) excessive; overly

to spend or pass time; to live one's life; to celebrate a holiday or festival

Used after a verb to indicate crossing a space, winning a competition, or exceeding a limit; often used with 得 de or 不 bù to show potential

after a certain period of time

to subject to a certain treatment or process, such as rinsing, weighing, or checking

too; excessively; (placed after an adjective) more than

to die; to pass away

error; fault; mistake

to transfer ownership; to go through a formal procedure, such as a title transfer

a Chinese surname

used for the number of times an action is performed, such as cycles of washing, screening, or reading