The Confucian study of ethics and metaphysics during the Song and Ming dynasties, also known as 理学 lǐ​xué.

Describing someone who is hidebound, overly concerned with outdated rules of conduct, or puts on an air of affected morality.

The academic study of the teachings of Laozi and Zhuangzi, particularly the Huang-Lao school during the Han dynasty

The institutional study of Daoism or Daoist magic, particularly referring to official Daoist schools during the Tang and Song dynasties