All; both; in every case; used to emphasize a total or a common characteristic among a group

Used for emphasis, meaning "even" or "to the extent that"; often used with 连 lián

(bound form) A capital city; a large city or metropolis

Used to express that something has already happened or that it is already a certain time, often used with 了 le at the end of the sentence

To build or designate a city as a capital

(literary) Elegant; refined; graceful

A Chinese surname

(literary) All; summed up; to collect together into one

(literary) To reside in or occupy a high position

(literary) An exclamation of admiration or praise, similar to "Oh!"