A movement in Chinese philosophy that revived Confucianism by incorporating elements of Buddhism and Taoism; it specifically refers to the Song and Ming dynasties school of thought known as [[理学|理學|li3 xue2]].

The Cynic school of philosophy, founded in ancient Greece by Antisthenes, a student of Socrates; it advocates that virtue is the only good and that one should live a life of simple self-sufficiency, free from worldly desires.