{"type":"character","character":{"character":"古","codepoint":"U+53E4","gloss":"old","iconicGloss":null,"hint":"Depicts a shield. Based on the original meaning \"firm, solid\", which is now written as 固. The current meaning \"old\" is a phonetic loan.","originalMeaning":"firm, solid","strokeCountSimp":5,"strokeCountTrad":5,"isVerified":true,"components":[{"hint":"Depicts a shield.","type":["iconic"],"character":"盾","isGlyphChanged":true,"pinyin":["dùn"],"gloss":"shield","iconicGloss":null},{"hint":"The 口 component is sometimes used to indicate an abstract meaning taken from a concrete object. Here, the concrete object \"shield\" evokes the abstract meaning \"firm, solid\".","type":["meaning"],"character":"口","pinyin":["kǒu","kou"],"gloss":"mouth","iconicGloss":null}],"customSources":["季旭昇《說文新證》p.154"],"simplifiedVariants":null,"traditionalVariants":null,"variantOf":null,"junDaRank":509,"junDaFrequency":80454,"junDaPerMillion":415.77431224193,"subtlexRank":888,"subtlexCount":6114,"subtlexPerMillion":130.53,"subtlexContextDiversity":2330,"hsk2Level":5,"hsk3Level":3,"strokeDataSimp":{"source":"dong","medians":[[[126,497],[164,483],[208,481],[468,520],[841,556],[916,534],[933,519]],[[480,817],[521,780],[530,765],[530,750],[478,327],[452,299]],[[287,282],[325,252],[330,240],[379,21]],[[360,276],[370,267],[384,265],[476,278],[626,310],[655,306],[694,266],[653,140],[623,119]],[[399,79],[419,67],[611,89],[665,87],[692,77]]],"strokes":["M 528 501 Q 763 522 838 516 Q 931 513 935 514 Q 936 515 938 517 Q 945 530 933 543 Q 902 571 857 592 Q 842 599 815 590 Q 745 574 673 564 Q 591 557 535 549 L 476 542 Q 362 530 303 522 Q 233 512 129 510 Q 114 510 113 498 Q 113 485 132 470 Q 171 440 221 452 Q 311 477 472 496 L 528 501 Z","M 499 300 Q 514 403 528 501 L 535 549 Q 550 688 581 768 Q 587 781 564 801 Q 524 828 495 835 Q 476 841 466 831 Q 456 822 464 804 Q 489 758 488 728 Q 484 638 476 542 L 472 496 Q 462 399 447 291 C 443 261 495 270 499 300 Z","M 352 279 Q 339 286 296 293 Q 281 297 277 290 Q 270 283 281 263 Q 317 193 339 79 Q 343 45 364 21 Q 386 -4 392 15 Q 396 28 397 46 L 392 85 Q 392 88 392 90 Q 370 210 364 246 C 359 276 359 276 352 279 Z","M 675 107 Q 705 215 746 248 Q 767 269 750 289 Q 731 305 672 335 Q 651 345 626 335 Q 560 313 499 300 L 447 291 Q 398 285 352 279 C 322 275 334 242 364 246 Q 493 265 625 285 Q 631 284 636 278 Q 648 266 645 242 Q 632 172 615 114 C 607 85 667 78 675 107 Z","M 397 46 Q 407 46 417 47 Q 502 62 688 66 Q 700 67 702 77 Q 702 86 675 107 C 657 121 645 119 615 114 Q 491 93 392 85 C 362 83 367 45 397 46 Z"]},"strokeDataTrad":{"source":"animcjk","medians":[[[114,498],[205,482],[820,556],[936,526]],[[466,828],[532,763],[465,285]],[[281,285],[326,254],[380,11]],[[355,271],[659,306],[704,266],[635,98]],[[388,68],[701,80]]],"strokes":["M528,502C663,517 787,519 838,516C899,513 917,509 935,514C947,519 938,538 933,543C917,558 897,570 877,582C847,599 820,596 795,590C675,567 580,555 535,549C496,544 496,544 476,542C359,529 230,515 129,510C85,509 120,479 132,470C157,450 187,444 221,452C281,468 381,487 472,496C509,500 509,500 528,502Z","M499,300C509,369 518,437 528,502C533,533 533,533 535,549C548,642 559,715 581,768C584,777 580,789 564,801C538,821 514,831 495,835C457,844 454,823 464,804C505,723 482,620 476,542C473,511 473,511 472,496C466,432 457,363 447,291C444,274 496,283 499,300Z","M352,279C343,284 324,288 296,293C267,299 273,277 281,263C305,217 325,156 339,79C342,57 349,37 364,21C391,-8 394,10 397,46C398,60 394,73 392,85C383,134 373,193 364,246C362,257 363,275 352,279Z","M675,107C695,179 719,225 746,248C760,262 762,277 750,289C738,301 711,316 672,335C658,342 642,341 626,335C582,320 539,308 499,300C464,294 464,294 447,291C403,284 372,282 352,279C341,277 352,244 364,246C450,259 536,279 625,285C643,287 647,255 645,242C637,196 626,153 615,114C611,94 671,87 675,107Z","M397,46C436,48 590,60 688,66C721,69 707,88 675,107C658,117 635,117 615,114C563,104 458,91 392,85C379,83 384,46 397,46Z"]},"fragmentsSimp":[[0,1],[2,3,4]],"fragmentsTrad":null,"historicalImages":[{"era":"(~1250-1000 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_0.png","type":"Oracle","source":"academia-sinica","description":"甲1839(甲)"},{"era":"(~1250-1000 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_1.png","type":"Oracle","source":"academia-sinica","description":"甲475(甲)"},{"era":"Early Western Zhou (~1000 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_2.png","type":"Bronze","source":"academia-sinica","description":"大盂鼎(金)西周早期"},{"era":"Mid Western Zhou (~900 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_3.png","type":"Bronze","source":"academia-sinica","description":"史墻盤(金)西周中期"},{"era":"Mid Western Zhou (~900 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_4.png","type":"Bronze","source":"academia-sinica","description":"𤼈鐘(金)西周中期"},{"era":"Late Warring States (~250 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_5.png","type":"Bronze","source":"academia-sinica","description":"中山王昔壺(金)戰國晚期"},{"era":"Chu (Warring States: 475-221 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_6.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"望1.40(楚)"},{"era":"Chu (Warring States: 475-221 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_7.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"上(1).孔.21(楚)"},{"era":"Shuowen (~100 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_8.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"說文古文"},{"era":"Shuowen (~100 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_9.png","type":"Seal","source":"academia-sinica","description":"說文‧古部"},{"era":"Qin dynasty (221-206 BC)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_10.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"睡.法192(隸)秦"},{"era":"Western Han dynasty (202 BC-9 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_11.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"老子甲52(隸)西漢"},{"era":"Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 AD)","url":"https://data.dong-chinese.com/img/sinica/%E5%8F%A4_12.png","type":"Clerical","source":"academia-sinica","description":"禮器碑(隸)東漢"}],"historicalPronunciations":[{"gloss":"ancient","pinyin":"gǔ","source":"baxter-sagart","oldChinese":"*kˤaʔ ","middleChinese":"kuX"}],"shuowenExplanation":"《說文》：“古，故也。从十口。識前言者也。，古文古。”","shuowenPronunciation":"公戶切","shuowenPinyin":"gu","pinyinFrequencies":[{"count":440,"pinyin":"gǔ"}],"pinyin":["gǔ"]},"componentUses":[{"type":"sound","characters":[{"character":"故","isVerified":true},{"character":"苦","isVerified":true},{"character":"居","isVerified":true},{"character":"胡","isVerified":true},{"character":"固","isVerified":true},{"character":"姑","isVerified":true},{"character":"估","isVerified":true},{"character":"枯","isVerified":false},{"character":"咕","isVerified":false},{"character":"辜","isVerified":false},{"character":"沽","isVerified":false},{"character":"骷","isVerified":false},{"character":"轱","isVerified":false},{"character":"钴","isVerified":false},{"character":"祜","isVerified":false},{"character":"鸪","isVerified":false},{"character":"蛄","isVerified":false},{"character":"诂","isVerified":false},{"character":"牯","isVerified":false},{"character":"嘏","isVerified":false},{"character":"怙","isVerified":false},{"character":"岵","isVerified":false},{"character":"罟","isVerified":false},{"character":"酤","isVerified":false},{"character":"鴣","isVerified":false},{"character":"軲","isVerified":false},{"character":"鈷","isVerified":false}],"verifiedCount":7}],"commonWords":[{"simplified":"古","traditional":"古","pinyin":"gu3","gloss":"ancient","definition":"relating to the distant past or antiquity, as opposed to modern times","perMillion":63.1918609359848},{"simplified":"古怪","traditional":"古怪","pinyin":"gu3 guai4","gloss":"eccentric","definition":"peculiar or whimsical in personality, temperament, or behavior","perMillion":27.36},{"simplified":"古代","traditional":"古代","pinyin":"gu3 dai4","gloss":"antiquity","definition":"ancient times","perMillion":24.3841645967656},{"simplified":"古巴","traditional":"古巴","pinyin":"Gu3 ba1","gloss":"Cuba","definition":"Cuba","perMillion":18.69},{"simplified":"古老","traditional":"古老","pinyin":"gu3 lao3","gloss":"ancient","definition":"having existed for a very long time; dating from the distant past","perMillion":17.83},{"simplified":"内蒙古","traditional":"內蒙古","pinyin":"Nei4 meng3 gu3","gloss":"Inner Mongolia","definition":"an autonomous region in northern China.","perMillion":15.5466921507406},{"simplified":"古典","traditional":"古典","pinyin":"gu3 dian3","gloss":"classical","definition":"classical","perMillion":14.2213873005026},{"simplified":"蒙古","traditional":"蒙古","pinyin":"Meng3 gu3","gloss":"Mongolia","definition":"Mongolia","perMillion":13.4550867202423},{"simplified":"复古","traditional":"復古","pinyin":"fu4 gu3","gloss":"retro","definition":"a style of fashion or design based on nostalgia for the past","perMillion":12.9899845452119},{"simplified":"考古","traditional":"考古","pinyin":"kao3 gu3","gloss":"archaeology","definition":"the scientific study of past human life and activities through the recovery and analysis of material remains","perMillion":9.80464277916463},{"simplified":"古城","traditional":"古城","pinyin":"gu3 cheng2","gloss":"ancient city","definition":"ancient city","perMillion":8.93742931406276},{"simplified":"古董","traditional":"古董","pinyin":"gu3 dong3","gloss":"antique","definition":"a collectible object such as a piece of furniture or work of art that has a high value because of its age and quality","perMillion":8.79},{"simplified":"古人","traditional":"古人","pinyin":"gu3 ren2","gloss":"ancients","definition":"People who lived in ancient times.","perMillion":7.64388546652748},{"simplified":"自古","traditional":"自古","pinyin":"zi4 gu3","gloss":"since antiquity","definition":"from ancient times; from time immemorial","perMillion":4.22400091129051},{"simplified":"古装","traditional":"古裝","pinyin":"gu3 zhuang1","gloss":"period costume","definition":"traditional clothing from a past era, especially as worn in theater or film","perMillion":3.76659998273482},{"simplified":"古今","traditional":"古今","pinyin":"gu3 jin1","gloss":"past and present","definition":"from ancient times to the present day; ancient and modern","perMillion":3.68119581493204},{"simplified":"千古","traditional":"千古","pinyin":"qian1 gu3","gloss":"eternity","definition":"throughout all ages; for all eternity","perMillion":3.21444716651735},{"simplified":"古迹","traditional":"古蹟","pinyin":"gu3 ji4","gloss":"historical sites","definition":"places of historic interest or remains from the past, such as ruins or ancient buildings","perMillion":2.9076719965989},{"simplified":"内蒙古自治区","traditional":"內蒙古自治區","pinyin":"Nei4 meng3 gu3 Zi4 zhi4 qu1","gloss":"Inner Mongolia","definition":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, capital Hohhot [[呼和浩特市|呼和浩特市|Hu1 he2 hao4 te4 Shi4]] (abbr. to [[蒙|蒙|Meng3]])","perMillion":2.87909771657533},{"simplified":"古墓","traditional":"古墓","pinyin":"gu3 mu4","gloss":"ancient tomb","definition":"old tomb (archaeology)","perMillion":2.80638732744473},{"simplified":"古朴","traditional":"古樸","pinyin":"gu3 pu3","gloss":"unadorned","definition":"simple and unadorned (of art, architecture etc)","perMillion":2.7775474871979},{"simplified":"上古","traditional":"上古","pinyin":"shang4 gu3","gloss":"antiquity","definition":"the distant past or early historical times, often referring to prehistory or the earliest periods of recorded history","perMillion":2.66866779565828},{"simplified":"自古以来","traditional":"自古以來","pinyin":"zi4 gu3 yi3 lai2","gloss":"since antiquity","definition":"since ancient times","perMillion":2.50943788578718},{"simplified":"古玩","traditional":"古玩","pinyin":"gu3 wan2","gloss":"antique","definition":"a historical object or curiosity valued for its age and artistry","perMillion":2.45367023890103},{"simplified":"远古","traditional":"遠古","pinyin":"yuan3 gu3","gloss":"antiquity","definition":"the very distant past; prehistoric or ancient times","perMillion":2.45218310165074},{"simplified":"古风","traditional":"古風","pinyin":"gu3 feng1","gloss":"old customs","definition":"ancient customs, traditions, or an old-fashioned style","perMillion":2.3544038274437},{"simplified":"古籍","traditional":"古籍","pinyin":"gu3 ji2","gloss":"ancient books","definition":"ancient texts or antique books","perMillion":2.30150423096884},{"simplified":"古板","traditional":"古板","pinyin":"gu3 ban3","gloss":"inflexible","definition":"conservative, rigid, and sticking to old-fashioned ways or ideas","perMillion":2.18},{"simplified":"古希腊","traditional":"古希臘","pinyin":"gu3 Xi1 la4","gloss":"ancient Greece","definition":"ancient Greece","perMillion":2.10074070217872},{"simplified":"考古学家","traditional":"考古學家","pinyin":"kao3 gu3 xue2 jia1","gloss":"archaeologist","definition":"archaeologist","perMillion":2.06},{"simplified":"古文","traditional":"古文","pinyin":"gu3 wen2","gloss":"classical prose","definition":"Classical Chinese used as a literary model, especially the prose style of the Tang and Song dynasties","perMillion":1.96987262415257},{"simplified":"古都","traditional":"古都","pinyin":"gu3 du1","gloss":"ancient capital","definition":"ancient capital","perMillion":1.94889336651445},{"simplified":"仿古","traditional":"仿古","pinyin":"fang3 gu3","gloss":"pseudo-classical","definition":"modeled on the antique or created in an ancient style","perMillion":1.92106265511603},{"simplified":"太古","traditional":"太古","pinyin":"tai4 gu3","gloss":"antiquity","definition":"immemorial; the remote past","perMillion":1.79561200564453},{"simplified":"蒙古族","traditional":"蒙古族","pinyin":"Meng3 gu3 zu2","gloss":"Mongol ethnic group","definition":"Mongol ethnic group of north China and Inner Mongolia","perMillion":1.68519206480997},{"simplified":"古道","traditional":"古道","pinyin":"gu3 dao4","gloss":"ancient road","definition":"a historical road or route from antiquity","perMillion":1.62655636751254},{"simplified":"古筝","traditional":"古箏","pinyin":"gu3 zheng1","gloss":"guzheng","definition":"A traditional Chinese zither with 13 to 25 strings, developed from the guqin during the Tang and Song dynasties.","perMillion":1.61115387456303},{"simplified":"盘古","traditional":"盤古","pinyin":"Pan2 gu3","gloss":"Pangu","definition":"Creator of the universe in Chinese mythology","perMillion":1.61088831433976},{"simplified":"老古董","traditional":"老古董","pinyin":"lao3 gu3 dong3","gloss":"old fogey","definition":"metaphor for a person who is old-fashioned, conservative, or out of touch with modern trends; an antique","perMillion":1.58},{"simplified":"古井","traditional":"古井","pinyin":"gu3 jing3","gloss":"ancient well","definition":"an old, traditional well made of stone or brick, typically no longer in common use.","perMillion":1.5731787626358},{"simplified":"古今中外","traditional":"古今中外","pinyin":"gu3 jin1 zhong1 wai4","gloss":"universally","definition":"at all times and in all places","perMillion":1.56765510999184},{"simplified":"朱古力","traditional":"朱古力","pinyin":"zhu1 gu3 li4","gloss":"chocolate","definition":"chocolate (loanword)","perMillion":1.47343434277658},{"simplified":"古诗","traditional":"古詩","pinyin":"gu3 shi1","gloss":"classical poem","definition":"a poem written in classical Chinese, typically originating from the pre-modern era","perMillion":1.39859947185984},{"simplified":"古巴人","traditional":"古巴人","pinyin":"Gu3 ba1 ren2","gloss":"Cuban","definition":"a person who is a citizen or native of [[古巴|古巴|Gu3 ba1]].","perMillion":1.37},{"simplified":"古琴","traditional":"古琴","pinyin":"gu3 qin2","gloss":"guqin","definition":"a long zither with seven strings, plucked with the fingers","perMillion":1.35377290617231},{"simplified":"古堡","traditional":"古堡","pinyin":"gu3 bao3","gloss":"castle","definition":"ancient castle","perMillion":1.31473555335201},{"simplified":"古时","traditional":"古時","pinyin":"gu3 shi2","gloss":"antiquity","definition":"ancient times; antiquity","perMillion":1.28950733214161},{"simplified":"名胜古迹","traditional":"名勝古跡","pinyin":"ming2 sheng4 gu3 ji4","gloss":"scenic spots","definition":"historical sites and scenic spots","perMillion":1.1721828255021},{"simplified":"尼古丁","traditional":"尼古丁","pinyin":"ni2 gu3 ding1","gloss":"nicotine","definition":"(loanword) nicotine","perMillion":1.16140108043744},{"simplified":"古罗马","traditional":"古羅馬","pinyin":"gu3 Luo2 ma3","gloss":"ancient Rome","definition":"ancient Rome","perMillion":1.1469546042917}],"deletedComponentGlyphs":null,"wordData":{"simplified":"古","traditional":"古","senses":[{"id":429062,"simplified":"古","traditional":"古","pinyin":"gu3","gloss":"ancient","definition":"relating to the distant past or antiquity, as opposed to modern times","example":"古往今来，人们对未知世界始终充满着好奇。","variantPinyin":[],"posTags":["a","n","v","i","ns","Ng"],"source":"cedict","occurrences":71,"sentenceCount":71,"exampleSentenceHtml":"古往今来，人们对未知世界始终充满着好奇。"},{"id":429064,"simplified":"古","traditional":"古","pinyin":"Gu3","gloss":"Gu","definition":"surname Gu","example":"古先生是我们的新老师。","variantPinyin":[],"posTags":["nr"],"source":"cedict","occurrences":1,"sentenceCount":1,"exampleSentenceHtml":"古先生是我们的新老师。"},{"id":429063,"simplified":"古","traditional":"古","pinyin":"gu3","gloss":"paleo-","definition":"a prefix used in scientific terminology to refer to prehistoric or geological eras","example":"科学家在岩石中发现了古生物化石。","variantPinyin":[],"posTags":["a"],"source":"cedict","occurrences":0,"sentenceCount":0,"exampleSentenceHtml":"科学家在岩石中发现了古生物化石。"}],"references":[],"frequency":{"subtlexPerMillion":21.55,"subtlexContextDiversityPct":7,"bccPerMillion":63.19186093598481,"hsk3Level":3}}}