scholar or expert in the field of philosophy

The academic department within a university dedicated to the study of philosophy.

One's personal principles, attitudes, and methods for dealing with people and navigating the world; a specific manifestation of one's outlook on life.

Platonism; the philosophy of [[柏拉图|柏拉圖|bo2 la1 tu2]]

Medieval European school of thought used to explain Catholic doctrine through formal and abstract reasoning; also known as [[经院哲学|經院哲學|jing1 yuan4 zhe2 xue2]]

metaphysics, specifically the study of the fundamental nature of existence and being as originally defined in classical philosophy

Medieval European church philosophy used to explain Christian doctrine; also used to refer to any rigid or overly abstract intellectual reasoning. Also called [[烦琐哲学|煩瑣哲學|fan2 suo3 zhe2 xue2]].

the foundational work by Isaac Newton, published in 1687, laying out the laws of motion and universal gravitation

The philosophical movement that dominated intellectual thought in 17th and 18th century Europe, characterized by an emphasis on reason, freedom, and the rejection of tradition.

the philosophical system founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, including dialectical and historical materialism

Doctor of Philosophy; PhD

the historical study of philosophical ideas and their development