A branch of philosophy that denies the objective existence of the physical world, asserting that an individual's thoughts, feelings, and consciousness are the root of all things and that the material world is merely a product of the mind.

A philosophical theory that uses idealism to explain social history, arguing that social consciousness determines social existence and that human thought is the fundamental cause of historical development; also known as [[唯心史观|唯心史觀|wei2 xin1 shi3 guan1]]

The philosophical belief that a universal, objective spirit or mind exists independently of personal consciousness and forms the primary reality of the world.