materialism; the philosophical doctrine that physical matter is the primary reality and that consciousness is a product of matter; opposed to [[唯心主义|唯心主義|wei2 xin1 zhu3 yi4]]

Theory in Marxist philosophy that views the world as material and in a constant state of change through the struggle of opposites; the combination of materialism and dialectics.

philosophy of materialism; the view that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that mental states are results of material interactions

The view that the economic and material conditions of a society's production determine its social structure and development; also known as [[历史唯物主义|歷史唯物主義|li4 shi3 wei2 wu4 zhu3 yi4]]

A philosophical method developed by Marx and Engels describing the fundamental laws of nature, society, and thought, based on the idea that material reality develops through the unity of opposites.

Theory developed by Marx and Engels that explains social development and history through material and economic conditions; also called [[唯物史观|唯物史觀|wei2 wu4 shi3 guan1]]

A philosophical school of thought that acknowledges the material world but explains all phenomena through purely mechanical laws; it views the world in a fragmented and static way, failing to account for social and historical development.