Laws that define the rights and obligations of citizens and organizations, such as civil or criminal law, as opposed to [[程序法|程序法|cheng2 xu4 fa3]].

to make something real or tangible; to cause something to exist in a physical or actual form; to substantialize

brick-and-mortar business; a physical retail store as opposed to an online shop

Branch of philosophy that studies the ultimate nature of reality and the common characteristics of all existing things; also known as [[形而上学|形而上學|xing2 er2 shang4 xue2]]

an optical instrument used to view two separate images as a single three-dimensional image

a book printed on paper as opposed to an e-book

The lowest level of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model for networking