One of the world's major legal systems; based primarily on the ancient Brahmanical Laws of Manu and Buddhist Dharma codes, it was used between 200 BC and 1000 AD and emphasized a rigid social hierarchy.

The legal system based on Roman law used in continental Europe and many other parts of the world, contrasted with the [[海洋法系|海洋法系|hai3 yang2 fa3 xi4]] used in English-speaking countries

the legal system developed in England and used in many English-speaking countries, based on judicial precedent rather than statutory codes