A whole composed of parts that work together to perform a function or achieve a goal; a series or group of related things forming a complex whole.

inherited from the past; following long-standing customs or heritage

The head of state of a republic; president of a country.

unified; centralized; consistent; the state of being united or integrated

The collection, organization, and analysis of data; a set of numerical data or the field of study.

to govern or rule a country or region

To coordinate or arrange things through overall planning; to plan an entire project as a whole

computer software that manages hardware resources and provides services for computer programs; also known as [[作业系统|作業系統|zuo4 ye4 xi4 tong3]]

the science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing numerical data to infer the characteristics of a population

all; completely; entirely

blood relationship or family descent; refers to the system of kinship based on shared ancestors for people or animals

A system involving computers, software, hardware, and telecommunications used to manage data

An alliance of different political parties or social groups for a common purpose; a strategy to unite with minor enemies to isolate a primary enemy.

An alliance formed by different political parties or groups for a common political purpose; often abbreviated as [[统战|統戰|tong3 zhan4]].

to lead or command a group of people or an army

the official residence or office of a president

The multi-disciplinary approach of designing and managing complex systems over their life cycles, using scientific organization to achieve optimal efficiency.

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body; it includes the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

vice president of a country; assists the president and acts in their place when necessary

A natural system formed by the interactions between living organisms and their non-living environment

The highest leader of the armed forces, often referring to a head of state.

characterized by a systematic nature; methodical; organized

ruler; sovereign; person in control of a country or region

a smaller system that is part of a larger system while remaining relatively independent

monitoring and control system; surveillance system typically comprising front-end cameras or sensors, transmission equipment, and back-end control displays

Follows established or traditional standards, especially regarding ideas, customs, or beliefs; strictly conforming to rules or tradition

A unified exam conducted across a specific region or country using a standardized test paper, schedule, and grading system.

general; sweeping; vague and lacking in detail

To be known together as a group or generally called by a single name

to organize items or ideas into an orderly and logical whole; the process of making something systematic

digestive system; gastrointestinal tract; the organs and glands in humans or animals that process food and absorb nutrients

The class of people that holds political power and occupies a dominant position in the politics and economy of a state

To unite into a single whole; specifically to unify a country under one government or authority.

the state of being unified; oneness; uniformity

To make unified central purchases for an organization or group.

to make an overall plan that takes into account all factors and interests

To unify the whole country or the world under one rule.

To carry out the unified sale of essential goods by the state according to a central plan, or the system itself

software designed to provide a platform for other software such as operating systems and utilities

A computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert in a specific field; also called a [[知识库系统|知識庫系統|zhi1 shi5 ku4 xi4 tong3]].

to command, direct, or lead; to rule or govern an army or organization

to be systematic; methodical

a table or chart used to display and summarize statistical data

proper behavior, rules of etiquette, or decorum according to one's status

a single entity or whole formed by the combination of related people or things

to manage or administer in a unified way; to exercise centralized control

(philosophy) the unity of opposites; the concept that things are composed of opposing elements that are at once mutually exclusive and interconnected

The comprehensive analysis of a functional system, such as a process or technology, to determine necessary steps, sequences, and relationships between its parts.