Rural household contract responsibility system; a Chinese government policy that allows rural families to manage land and link their income directly to their productivity.

China's rural agricultural production system established in the late 1970s, where households contract land from the collective and keep any surplus production after meeting state quotas.

An agricultural management system adopted in mainland China starting in 1978, where farming households are assigned production quotas and take responsibility for their own profits and losses.

a policy where the first staff member contacted by a customer or citizen is responsible for handling their inquiry or ensuring it is directed to the correct department

administrative accountability system where the first person contacted is responsible for providing assistance or directing the inquiry to the correct department until it is resolved